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Mother Teresa (26 August 1910 – 5 September 1997) also known as Teresa of Calcutta, MC,〔"Blessed Mother Teresa". (2007). ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Retrieved 4 July 2010.〕 was a Roman Catholic religious sister and missionary. She was born in Skopje (modern Republic of Macedonia), then part of the Kosovo Vilayet in the Ottoman Empire, into a Kosovar Albanian family. After having lived in Macedonia for some eighteen years, she moved to Ireland and then to India, where she lived for most of her life. Mother Teresa founded the Missionaries of Charity, a Roman Catholic religious congregation, which in 2012 consisted of over 4,500 sisters and was active in 133 countries. They run hospices and homes for people with HIV/AIDS, leprosy and tuberculosis; soup kitchens; dispensaries and mobile clinics; children's and family counselling programmes; orphanages; and schools. Members must adhere to the vows of chastity, poverty, and obedience, as well as a fourth vow, to give "wholehearted free service to the poorest of the poor".〔Muggeridge (1971), chapter 3, "Mother Teresa Speaks", pp. 105, 113〕 Mother Teresa was the recipient of numerous honours, including the 1979 Nobel Peace Prize. In 2003, she was beatified as "Blessed Teresa of Calcutta". A second miracle credited to her intercession is required before she can be recognised as a saint by the Roman Catholic Church.〔 A controversial figure both during her life and after her death, Mother Teresa was widely admired by many for her charitable works, but was also widely criticised, particularly for her opposing contraception and for substandard conditions in the hospices for which she was responsible.〔: "ultra-reactionary and fundamentalist even in orthodox Catholic terms"〕〔Loudon, Mary. (1996)The Missionary Position: Mother Teresa in Theory and Practice, Book Review, ''BMJ'' vol. 312, no. 7022, 6 January 2006, pp.64–5. Retrieved 2 August 2007. See also 〕 ==Early life== Born Anjezë Gonxhe Bojaxhiu (; ''gonxhe'' meaning "rosebud" or "little flower" in Albanian) on 26 August 1910, she considered 27 August, the day she was baptised, to be her "true birthday".〔(2002) "Mother Teresa of Calcutta (1910–1997)". ''Vatican News Service''. Retrieved 30 May 2007.〕 Her birthplace of Skopje, now capital of the Republic of Macedonia, was part of the Ottoman Empire until 1918, when it became a part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes.〔〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1979: Mother Teresa )〕 She was the youngest of the children of Nikollë and Dranafile Bojaxhiu (Bernai). Her father, who was involved in Albanian politics, died in 1919 when she was eight years old.〔〔Although some sources state she was 10 when her father died, in an interview with her brother, the Vatican documents her age at the time as "about eight".〕 Her father may have been from Prizren, Kosovo, while her mother may have been from a village near Gjakova. According to a biography written by Joan Graff Clucas, in her early years Agnes was fascinated by stories of the lives of missionaries and their service in Bengal, and by age 12 had become convinced that she should commit herself to a religious life.〔Clucas, Joan Graff. (1988). ''Mother Teresa''. New York. Chelsea House Publications, p. 24. ISBN 1-55546-855-1.〕 Her final resolution was taken on 15 August 1928, while praying at the shrine of the Black Madonna of Vitina-Letnice, where she often went on pilgrimage.〔Meg Greene, ''Mother Teresa: A Biography'', Greenwood Press, 2004, p. 11.〕 Agnes left home in 1928 at the age of 18 to join the Sisters of Loreto at Loreto Abbey in Rathfarnham, Ireland, to learn English, with a view to becoming a missionary. English was the language the Sisters of Loreto used to teach schoolchildren in India.〔Clucas, Joan Graff. (1988). ''Mother Teresa''. New York. Chelsea House Publications, pp. 28–29. ISBN 1-55546-855-1.〕 She never again saw her mother or her sister.〔Sharn, Lori (5 September 1997). "Mother Teresa dies at 87". ''USA Today''. Retrieved 30 May 2007〕 Her family continued to live in Skopje until 1934, when they moved to Tirana in Albania. She arrived in India in 1929, and began her novitiate in Darjeeling, near the Himalayan mountains,〔Clucas (1988), p. 31〕 where she learnt Bengali and taught at St. Teresa's School, a schoolhouse close to her convent.〔Meg Greene, Mother Teresa: A Biography, Greenwood Press, 2004, page 17.〕 She took her first religious vows as a nun on 24 May 1931. At that time she chose to be named after Thérèse de Lisieux, the patron saint of missionaries,〔Sebba, Anne (1997).''Mother Teresa: Beyond the Image''. New York. Doubleday, p.35. ISBN 0-385-48952-8.〕 but because one nun in the convent had already chosen that name, Agnes opted for the Spanish spelling of ''Teresa''.〔Meg Greene, Mother Teresa: A Biography, Greenwood Press, 2004, page 18.〕 She took her solemn vows on 14 May 1937, while serving as a teacher at the Loreto convent school in Entally, eastern Calcutta.〔〔Spink, Kathryn (1997). ''Mother Teresa: A Complete Authorized Biography''. New York. HarperCollins, p.16. ISBN 0-06-250825-3.〕〔Clucas, Joan Graff. (1988). ''Mother Teresa''. New York. Chelsea House Publications, p. 32. ISBN 1-55546-855-1.〕 Teresa served there for almost twenty years and in 1944 was appointed headmistress.〔Meg Greene, Mother Teresa: A Biography, Greenwood Press, 2004, page 25.〕 Although Teresa enjoyed teaching at the school, she was increasingly disturbed by the poverty surrounding her in Calcutta.〔Spink, Kathryn (1997). ''Mother Teresa: A Complete Authorized Biography''. New York. HarperCollins, pp.18–21. ISBN 0-06-250825-3.〕 The Bengal famine of 1943 brought misery and death to the city; and the outbreak of Hindu/Muslim violence in August 1946 plunged the city into despair and horror.〔Spink, Kathryn (1997). ''Mother Teresa: A Complete Authorized Biography''. New York. HarperCollins, pp.18, 21–22. ISBN 0-06-250825-3.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Mother Teresa」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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